SPH4U-F

11.1 Frames of Reference and Relativity - frames of reference - theory of special relativity - simultaneity: two events that are simultaneous in one frame of reference are in general not simultaneous in a second frame moving along with respect to the first; simultaneity is not an absolute concept.

11.2 Relativity of Time, Length and Momentum - time dilation - the twin paradox - length contraction / Lorentz contraction - relativistic momentum

11.3 Mass and Energy: E = mc2 - conservation of mass-energy

11.4 The life and times of Albert Einstein

12.1 Foundations of Quantum Theory - blackbody radiation - Planck’s quantum hypothesis - Einstein and the photoelectric effect - photodiodes and digital cameras - momentum of a photon: the Compton effect - interactions of photons with matter

12.2 Wave Particle Duality - the particle nature of electromagnetic waves - principle of complementarity: to understand a specific experiment, one must use either the wave theory or the photon theory, but not both. - the wave nature of matter - matter waves - electron microscopes

12.3 Rutherford’s Model of the Atom - gamma scattering experiment showed atoms are mostly space … - Coulomb force (applicable in sub-atomic distances) holds electrons in orbit

12.4 Atomic Absorption and Emission Spectra - continuous spectrum - emission spectrum - the Franck-Hertz experiment - energy levels - analyzing atomic spectrum - analysis of absorption spectra - fluorescence and phosphorescence - lasers

12.5 The Bohr Model of the Atom - the energy levels of hydrogen - the Bohr model - the wave-mechanical model of the hydrogen atom - success of the Bohr model

12.6 Probability vs Determinism - Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle - probability and determinism

13.1 Radiation and Radioactive Decay - radioactivity - alpha decay: alpha particles -> smoke detectors - binding energy - beta decay: negatively charged electrons or positively charged electrons (positrons), neutrinos - gamma decay: photons (no mass, no electrical charge) - radiation detectors - pair production and pair annihilation - antimatter

13.2 Rate of Radioactive Decay - half-life - radioactive dating - decay series - medical applications of radioactivity

13.3 Working with Particles - cyclotron and synchrocyclotron - the TRIUMF cyclotron - line accelerators - synchrotrons - synchrotron radiation - particle detectors

13.4 Particle Interactions - the electromagnetic force - strong nuclear force - weak nuclear force

13.5 The Particle Zoo - particle classifications - quarks and field particles

13.6 Case Study: Analyzing Elementary Particle Trajectories

13.7 The Standard Model and Grand Unified Theories - the standard model - grand unified theories - a disturbing consequence of unification - physics on a string